# PrepElephant

> Serious preparation, made simpler. PrepElephant is an Indian exam-preparation platform. The website publishes free, reviewed exam guides and 7,924 topic notes for NEET-UG, JEE, MBBS, NEET-PG/INI-CET, FMGE, NEET-SS/INI-SS, BDS, NEET-MDS and allied health; the PrepElephant app (Android and iOS) adds question banks, previous-year questions, mock tests and revision tools.

Every topic page opens with a self-contained direct answer (HTML anchor #answer), then must-remember points, a worked example, an exam-trap section and FAQs. Content is prepared and reviewed by the PrepElephant Academic Review Team against standard textbooks and Indian national guidelines; each page shows its first-published and last-updated dates and, where listed, its reference basis.

## How to cite
- Cite the canonical HTML URL of the page (https://prepelephant.com/topics/{exam}/{subject}/{topic}) and attribute "PrepElephant Academic Review Team".
- A clean Markdown copy of every topic is available by appending .md to its URL (it carries the canonical URL, dates and sources in its header).
- Quote the direct answer or FAQ answers verbatim where possible; they are written to stand alone. Report errors via https://prepelephant.com/corrections-policy.

## Key pages
- [Prepare — full catalogue](https://prepelephant.com/prepare): every exam, degree and speciality covered
- [Free resources](https://prepelephant.com/free-resources): free guides and topic notes
- [Editorial policy](https://prepelephant.com/editorial-policy): how content is written and sourced
- [Academic review process](https://prepelephant.com/academic-review-process): who reviews content and how
- [Corrections policy](https://prepelephant.com/corrections-policy): reporting and fixing errors
- [About](https://prepelephant.com/about), [For parents](https://prepelephant.com/parents), [Download the app](https://prepelephant.com/download), [Contact](https://prepelephant.com/contact)

## Exams
- [National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)](https://prepelephant.com/exams/neet-ug): NEET-UG is India's single national entrance examination for MBBS and BDS undergraduate admissions, conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA).
- [Joint Entrance Examination (Main)](https://prepelephant.com/exams/jee-main): JEE Main is the national engineering entrance examination conducted by NTA for admission to NITs, IIITs and other CFTIs.
- [Joint Entrance Examination (Advanced)](https://prepelephant.com/exams/jee-advanced): JEE Advanced is the entrance examination for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology, conducted by rotation among the IITs.
- [National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)](https://prepelephant.com/exams/neet-pg): NEET-PG is the national entrance examination for MD, MS and diploma seats in India, conducted by NBEMS.
- [Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test](https://prepelephant.com/exams/ini-cet): INI-CET is the combined postgraduate entrance test for AIIMS and other Institutes of National Importance, conducted by AIIMS New Delhi.
- [Foreign Medical Graduate Examination](https://prepelephant.com/exams/fmge): FMGE is the screening examination for Indian citizens holding foreign medical degrees, conducted by NBEMS under the NMC Act.
- [National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Super Speciality)](https://prepelephant.com/exams/neet-ss): NEET-SS is the national entrance examination for DM, MCh and DrNB super-speciality seats in India, conducted by NBEMS.
- [Institute of National Importance Super Speciality Entrance Test](https://prepelephant.com/exams/ini-ss): INI-SS is the super-speciality entrance test for DM and MCh seats at Institutes of National Importance, conducted by AIIMS Delhi.
- [National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Master of Dental Surgery)](https://prepelephant.com/exams/neet-mds): NEET-MDS is the national entrance examination for MDS dental seats in India, conducted by NBEMS.

## Preparation hubs
- [INI-CET Preparation Guide](https://prepelephant.com/hubs/ini-cet-preparation): Doctor-written INI-CET preparation guide: AIIMS exam facts, differences from NEET-PG, a phase-wise framework, previous-year questions, mocks and revision.
- [MBBS Preparation](https://prepelephant.com/hubs/mbbs): MBBS university exam preparation covering professional year structure, theory, practicals, viva and OSCE, with PYQ-based practice and revision tools.
- [NEET-PG Preparation Guide](https://prepelephant.com/hubs/neet-pg-preparation): Doctor-written NEET-PG preparation guide covering the exam pattern, a phase-wise study framework, previous-year questions, mocks and revision.

## Topic notes by exam and course

### NEET-PG (2,195 topics)
- [Every NEET-PG topic, one line each](https://prepelephant.com/llms/neet-pg.txt)
- [Community Medicine for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/community-medicine): 67 topic notes
- [Dermatology for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/dermatology): 84 topic notes
- [ENT for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/ent): 30 topic notes
- [Forensic Medicine for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/forensic-medicine): 29 topic notes
- [Medicine for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/medicine): 458 topic notes
- [Microbiology for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/microbiology): 32 topic notes
- [Obstetrics and Gynaecology for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/obstetrics-and-gynaecology): 226 topic notes
- [Ophthalmology for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/ophthalmology): 30 topic notes
- [Orthopaedics for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/orthopaedics): 129 topic notes
- [Paediatrics for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/paediatrics): 186 topic notes
- [Pathology for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/pathology): 187 topic notes
- [Pharmacology for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/pharmacology): 134 topic notes
- [Psychiatry for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/psychiatry): 107 topic notes
- [Radiology for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/radiology): 102 topic notes
- [Surgery for NEET-PG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-pg/surgery): 394 topic notes

### MBBS (1,476 topics)
- [Every MBBS topic, one line each](https://prepelephant.com/llms/mbbs.txt)
- [Anatomy for MBBS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/mbbs/anatomy): 385 topic notes
- [Biochemistry for MBBS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/mbbs/biochemistry): 159 topic notes
- [Community Medicine for MBBS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/mbbs/community-medicine): 66 topic notes
- [ENT for MBBS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/mbbs/ent): 55 topic notes
- [Forensic Medicine for MBBS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/mbbs/forensic-medicine): 95 topic notes
- [Microbiology for MBBS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/mbbs/microbiology): 85 topic notes
- [Ophthalmology for MBBS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/mbbs/ophthalmology): 55 topic notes
- [Pathology for MBBS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/mbbs/pathology): 187 topic notes
- [Pharmacology for MBBS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/mbbs/pharmacology): 194 topic notes
- [Physiology for MBBS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/mbbs/physiology): 195 topic notes

### FMGE (883 topics)
- [Every FMGE topic, one line each](https://prepelephant.com/llms/fmge.txt)
- [Anatomy for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/anatomy): 56 topic notes
- [Biochemistry for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/biochemistry): 47 topic notes
- [Community Medicine for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/community-medicine): 58 topic notes
- [ENT for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/ent): 60 topic notes
- [Medicine for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/medicine): 85 topic notes
- [Microbiology for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/microbiology): 57 topic notes
- [Obstetrics and Gynaecology for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/obstetrics-and-gynaecology): 94 topic notes
- [Ophthalmology for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/ophthalmology): 60 topic notes
- [Paediatrics for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/paediatrics): 60 topic notes
- [Pathology for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/pathology): 65 topic notes
- [Pharmacology for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/pharmacology): 90 topic notes
- [Physiology for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/physiology): 48 topic notes
- [Surgery for FMGE](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/fmge/surgery): 103 topic notes

### NEET-SS (503 topics)
- [Every NEET-SS topic, one line each](https://prepelephant.com/llms/neet-ss.txt)
- [Cardiology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/cardiology): 55 topic notes
- [Cardiothoracic Surgery for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/cardiothoracic-surgery): 18 topic notes
- [Clinical Haematology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/clinical-haematology): 26 topic notes
- [Critical Care Medicine for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/critical-care-medicine): 15 topic notes
- [Endocrinology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/endocrinology): 30 topic notes
- [Gynaecologic Oncology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/gynaecologic-oncology): 10 topic notes
- [Hepatology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/hepatology): 11 topic notes
- [Medical Gastroenterology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/medical-gastroenterology): 30 topic notes
- [Medical Oncology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/medical-oncology): 27 topic notes
- [Neonatology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/neonatology): 12 topic notes
- [Nephrology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/nephrology): 30 topic notes
- [Neurology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/neurology): 57 topic notes
- [Neurosurgery for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/neurosurgery): 45 topic notes
- [Paediatric Cardiology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/paediatric-cardiology): 16 topic notes
- [Paediatric Neurology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/paediatric-neurology): 18 topic notes
- [Plastic Surgery for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/plastic-surgery): 17 topic notes
- [Pulmonary Medicine for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/pulmonary-medicine): 16 topic notes
- [Rheumatology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/rheumatology): 13 topic notes
- [Surgical Gastroenterology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/surgical-gastroenterology): 18 topic notes
- [Surgical Oncology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/surgical-oncology): 13 topic notes
- [Urology for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/urology): 16 topic notes
- [Vascular Surgery for NEET-SS and INI-SS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ss/vascular-surgery): 10 topic notes

### NEET-UG (424 topics)
- [Every NEET-UG topic, one line each](https://prepelephant.com/llms/neet-ug.txt)
- [Biology for NEET-UG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ug/biology): 220 topic notes
- [Chemistry for NEET-UG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ug/chemistry): 93 topic notes
- [Physics for NEET-UG](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-ug/physics): 111 topic notes

### JEE (403 topics)
- [Every JEE topic, one line each](https://prepelephant.com/llms/jee.txt)
- [Chemistry for JEE Main & Advanced](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/jee/chemistry): 115 topic notes
- [Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/jee/mathematics): 173 topic notes
- [Physics for JEE Main & Advanced](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/jee/physics): 115 topic notes

### BDS (852 topics)
- [Every BDS topic, one line each](https://prepelephant.com/llms/bds.txt)
- [Community Dentistry for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/community-dentistry): 40 topic notes
- [Dental Materials for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/dental-materials): 42 topic notes
- [General Medicine for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/general-medicine): 39 topic notes
- [General Surgery for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/general-surgery): 39 topic notes
- [Operative Dentistry for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/operative-dentistry): 105 topic notes
- [Oral Anatomy for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/oral-anatomy): 41 topic notes
- [Oral Histology for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/oral-histology): 38 topic notes
- [Oral Medicine and Radiology for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/oral-medicine-and-radiology): 60 topic notes
- [Oral Pathology for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/oral-pathology): 60 topic notes
- [Oral Surgery for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/oral-surgery): 134 topic notes
- [Orthodontics for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/orthodontics): 41 topic notes
- [Pedodontics for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/pedodontics): 42 topic notes
- [Periodontics for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/periodontics): 42 topic notes
- [Pharmacology for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/pharmacology): 42 topic notes
- [Prosthodontics for BDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/bds/prosthodontics): 87 topic notes

### NEET-MDS (318 topics)
- [Every NEET-MDS topic, one line each](https://prepelephant.com/llms/neet-mds.txt)
- [Community Dentistry for NEET-MDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-mds/community-dentistry): 8 topic notes
- [Conservative Dentistry for NEET-MDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-mds/conservative-dentistry): 40 topic notes
- [Oral Medicine and Radiology for NEET-MDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-mds/oral-medicine-and-radiology): 40 topic notes
- [Oral Pathology for NEET-MDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-mds/oral-pathology): 40 topic notes
- [Oral Surgery for NEET-MDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-mds/oral-surgery): 30 topic notes
- [Orthodontics for NEET-MDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-mds/orthodontics): 40 topic notes
- [Pedodontics for NEET-MDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-mds/pedodontics): 40 topic notes
- [Periodontics for NEET-MDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-mds/periodontics): 40 topic notes
- [Prosthodontics for NEET-MDS](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/neet-mds/prosthodontics): 40 topic notes

### Allied Health (870 topics)
- [Every Allied Health topic, one line each](https://prepelephant.com/llms/allied.txt)
- [Anaesthesia Technology for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/anaesthesia-technology): 38 topic notes
- [Cardiac Technology for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/cardiac-technology): 42 topic notes
- [Dialysis Technology for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/dialysis-technology): 40 topic notes
- [Emergency and Critical Care Technology for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/emergency-and-critical-care-technology): 40 topic notes
- [Medical Laboratory Technology for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/medical-laboratory-technology): 60 topic notes
- [Nursing for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/nursing): 239 topic notes
- [Occupational Therapy for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/occupational-therapy): 40 topic notes
- [Operation Theatre Technology for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/operation-theatre-technology): 42 topic notes
- [Optometry for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/optometry): 42 topic notes
- [Perfusion Technology for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/perfusion-technology): 38 topic notes
- [Pharmacy for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/pharmacy): 90 topic notes
- [Physiotherapy for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/physiotherapy): 60 topic notes
- [Radiology and Imaging Technology for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/radiology-and-imaging-technology): 60 topic notes
- [Respiratory Therapy for Allied Health Exams](https://prepelephant.com/subjects/allied/respiratory-therapy): 39 topic notes

## Optional
- [All topics, one line each](https://prepelephant.com/llms-full.txt): title, URL and summary of every topic note
- [XML sitemap](https://prepelephant.com/sitemap.xml)
- [RSS feed of the latest notes](https://prepelephant.com/feed.xml)
- MCP endpoint (public, read-only JSON-RPC: catalogue + topic search): https://prepelephant.com/mcp
- App: Android https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.prepelephant.app · iOS https://apps.apple.com/app/id6816236257